ingilizce Grammar-Book 2

THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

The Uses of the English Tenses

Type of Tense	Type of Action Expressed
Simple	- actions occurring at regular intervals
	- general truths, or situations existing for a period of time
	- non-continuous actions
Continuous	- continuous, ongoing actions
Perfect	- non-continuous actions completed before a certain time
Perfect Continuous	- continuous, ongoing actions completed before a certain time

 

The Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Active Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	do/does *	bare infinitive **
Present Continuous	am/is/are	present participle
Present Perfect	have/has	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have/has  been	present participle
Simple Past	did *	bare infinitive ***
Past Continuous	was/were	present participle
Past Perfect	had	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	present participle
Simple Future	will (shall) ****	bare infinitive
Future Continuous	will (shall) be	present participle
Future Perfect	will (shall) have	past participle
Future Perfect Continuous	will (shall) have been	present participle

 

The Formation of the Subjunctive Mood of the Active Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	do *	bare infinitive
Present Continuous	be	present participle
Present Perfect	have	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have been	present participle
Simple Past	did *	bare infinitive ***
Past Continuous	were	present participle
Past Perfect	had	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	present participle

 

The Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	am/is/are	past participle
Present Continuous	am/is/are being	past participle
Present Perfect	have/has been	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have/has been being	past participle
Simple Past	was/were	past participle
Past Continuous	was/were being	past participle
Past Perfect	had been	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been being	past participle
Simple Future	will (shall) **** be	past participle
Future Continuous	will (shall) be being	past participle
Future Perfect	will (shall) have been	past participle
Future Perfect Continuous	will (shall) have been being	past participle

 

The Formation of the Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense	Auxiliary	Verb Form
Simple Present	be	past participle
Present Continuous	be being	past participle
Present Perfect	have been	past participle
Present Perfect Continuous	have been being	past participle
Simple Past	were	past participle
Past Continuous	were being	past participle
Past Perfect	had been	past participle
Past Perfect Continuous	had been being	past participle

 

* In the Simple Present and Simple Past tenses of the Active Voice, the auxiliaries are used only for emphasis, and for the formation of questions and negative statements. Auxiliaries are never used with the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be.

** When used without the auxiliary, the third person singular of the Simple Present, in the Indicative Mood of the Active Voice, has the ending s.

*** When used without the auxiliary, the Simple Past form of the verb is used. For regular verbs, and for many irregular verbs, the Simple Past has the same form as the past participle.

**** The other modal auxiliaries could, may, might, must, should and would form conjugations in the same way as will and shall

THE ACTIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

Simple Past: showed
Past Participle: shown

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he shows	he showed
she shows	she showed
it shows	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I am showing	I was showing
you are showing	you were showing
he is showing	he was showing
she is showing	she was showing
it is showing	it was showing
we are showing	we were showing
they are showing	they were showing
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he has shown	he had shown
she has shown	she had shown
it has shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he has been showing	he had been showing
she has been showing	she had been showing
it has been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing
Simple Future	Simple Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) show	I would show
you will show	you would show
he will show	he would show
she will show	she would show
it will show	it would show
we will (shall) show	we would show
they will show	they would show
Future Continuous	Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) be showing	I would be showing
you will be showing	you would be showing
he will be showing	he would be showing
she will be showing	she would be showing
it will be showing	it would be showing
we will (shall) be showing	we would be showing
they will be showing	they would be showing
Future Perfect	Perfect Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have shown	I would have shown
you will have shown	you would have shown
he will have shown	he would have shown
she will have shown	she would have shown
it will have shown	it would have shown
we will (shall) have shown	we would have shown
they will have shown	they would have shown
Future Perfect Continuous	Perfect Continuous Conjugation with Would
I will (shall) have been showing	I would have been showing
you will have been showing	you would have been showing
he will have been showing	he would have been showing
she will have been showing	she would have been showing
it will have been showing	it would have been showing
we will (shall) have been showing	we would have been showing
they will have been showing	they would have been showing

 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Past
I show	I showed
you show	you showed
he show	he showed
she show	she showed
it show	it showed
we show	we showed
they show	they showed
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I be showing	I were showing
you be showing	you were showing
he be showing	he were showing
she be showing	she were showing
it be showing	it were showing
we be showing	we were showing
they be showing	they were showing
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I have shown	I had shown
you have shown	you had shown
he have shown	he had shown
she have shown	she had shown
it have shown	it had shown
we have shown	we had shown
they have shown	they had shown
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I have been showing	I had been showing
you have been showing	you had been showing
he have been showing	he had been showing
she have been showing	she had been showing
It have been showing	it had been showing
we have been showing	we had been showing
they have been showing	they had been showing

THE VERB TO BE AND THE PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB TO SHOW

INDICATIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I am	I am shown
you are	you are shown
he is	he is shown
she is	she is shown
it is	it is shown
we are	we are shown
they are	they are shown
Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I am being	I am being shown
you are being	you are being shown
he is being	he is being shown
she is being	she is being shown
it is being	it is being shown
we are being	we are being shown
they are being	they are being shown
Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he has been	he has been shown
she has been	she has been shown
it has been	it has been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown
Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he has been being	he has been being shown
she has been being	she has been being shown
it has been being	it has been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown
Simple Past	Simple Past
I was	I was shown
you were	you were shown
he was	he was shown
she was	she was shown
it was	it was shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown
Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I was being	I was being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he was being	he was being shown
she was being	she was being shown
it was being	it was being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown
Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown
Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown
Simple Future	Simple Future
I will (shall) be	I will (shall) be shown
you will be	you will be shown
he will be	he will be shown
she will be	she will be shown
it will be	it will be shown
we will (shall) be	we will (shall) be shown
they will be	they will be shown
Future Continuous	Future Continuous
I will (shall) be being	I will (shall) be being shown
you will be being	you will be being shown
he will be being	he will be being shown
she will be being	she will be being shown
it will be being	it will be being shown
we will (shall) be being	we will (shall) be being shown
they will be being	they will be being shown
Future Perfect	Future Perfect
I will (shall) have been	I will (shall) have been shown
you will have been	you will have been shown
he will have been	he will have been shown
she will have been	she will have been shown
it will have been	it will have been shown
we will (shall) have been	we will (shall) have been shown
they will have been	they will have been shown
Future Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
I will (shall) have been being	I will (shall) have been being shown
you will have been being	you will have been being shown
he will have been being	he will have been being shown
she will have been being	she will have been being shown
It will have been being	it will have been being shown
we will (shall) have been being	we will (shall) have been being shown
they will have been being	they will have been being shown

 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Simple Present	Simple Present
I be	I be shown
you be	you be shown
he be	he be shown
she be	she be shown
it be	it be shown
we be	we be shown
they be	they be shown
Present Continuous	Present Continuous
I be being	I be being shown
you be being	you be being shown
he be being	he be being shown
she be being	she be being shown
it be being	it be being shown
we be being	we be being shown
they be being	they be being shown
Present Perfect	Present Perfect
I have been	I have been shown
you have been	you have been shown
he have been	he have been shown
she have been	she have been shown
it have been	it have been shown
we have been	we have been shown
they have been	they have been shown
Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect Continuous
I have been being	I have been being shown
you have been being	you have been being shown
he have been being	he have been being shown
she have been being	she have been being shown
it have been being	it have been being shown
we have been being	we have been being shown
they have been being	they have been being shown
Simple Past	Simple Past
I were	I were shown
you were	you were shown
he were	he were shown
she were	she were shown
it were	it were shown
we were	we were shown
they were	they were shown
Past Continuous	Past Continuous
I were being	I were being shown
you were being	you were being shown
he were being	he were being shown
she were being	she were being shown
it were being	it were being shown
we were being	we were being shown
they were being	they were being shown
Past Perfect	Past Perfect
I had been	I had been shown
you had been	you had been shown
he had been	he had been shown
she had been	she had been shown
it had been	it had been shown
we had been	we had been shown
they had been	they had been shown
Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I had been being	I had been being shown
you had been being	you had been being shown
he had been being	he had been being shown
she had been being	she had been being shown
it had been being	it had been being shown
we had been being	we had been being shown
they had been being	they had been being shown

COMMON ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

Bare Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle
be	was/were	been
bear	bore	born
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast	forecast
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forsake	forsook	forsaken
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt	knelt
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
mistake	mistook	mistaken
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
rid	rid	rid
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
shake	shook	shaken
shed	shed	shed
shine	shone	shone
shoe	shod	shod
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown
shrink	shrank or shrunk	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
sling	slung	slung
slink	slunk	slunk
slit	slit	slit
speak	spoke	spoken
speed	sped	sped
spend	spent	spent
spin	span or spun	spun
spit	spit or spat	spat
split	split	split
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stank	stunk
stride	strode	strode
strike	struck	struck
string	strung	strung
strive	strove	striven
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swim	swam	swum
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
thrive	throve	thriven
throw	threw	thrown
thrust	thrust	thrust
tread	trod	trodden
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
weave	wove	woven
weep	wept	wept
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written

CHAPTER 1.  THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE

1. Grammar

The grammar of a language is an analysis of the various functions performed by the words of the language, as they are used by native speakers and writers.

There are many different ways of analyzing a language. In such an analysis, words can be given various names, depending on the function which they perform. For instance, words which perform the function of naming things are commonly referred to as nouns, and words which perform the function of expressing states or actions are commonly referred to as verbs.

It should be kept in mind that many English words can perform more than one function. For instance, in the following sentences, the underlined words can be referred to as nouns because they perform the function of naming things.

e.g. I have lost my comb.

e.g. Water is one of the necessities of life.

However, in the following sentences, the same words can be referred to as verbs because they perform the function of expressing actions.

e.g. I comb my hair every morning.

e.g. Do you water your plants once a week?

In this book, widely used terms such as noun, verb, pronoun and so on, will be used in order to explain the way in which words function in the English language.

 

2. Verb forms

English verbs may have different forms, depending on the subject of the verb, and depending on when the action expressed by the verb takes place.

In the following sentences, the subjects of the verbs indicate who or what is performing the actions expressed by the verbs. The verbs in these examples are underlined.

e.g. We live in the city.

e.g. He lives on Queen Street.

These examples illustrate how the form of a verb may vary, depending on the subject of the verb. In the first example, the subject is we, and the form of the verb is live. In the second example, the subject is he, and the form of the verb is lives.

The different verb forms which indicate when the action expressed by a verb takes place are usually referred to as tenses.

e.g. We always walk to work.

e.g. We walked to work yesterday.

In the first sentence, the verb walk is in the Simple Present tense. In the second sentence, the verb walked is in the Simple Past tense. Present tenses are usually used to express actions which are taking place in the present; whereas past tenses are usually used to express actions which took place in the past.

The infinitive form of a verb can be used without reference to any particular subject or any particular time. In English, the infinitive form of a verb begins with the word to. For instance, to walk is the infinitive of the verb used in the two preceding examples.

 

3. Uses of the simple present tense

The Simple Present is one of four present tenses in English, and is used in various ways. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Simple Present tense are underlined.

For instance, the Simple Present can be used to refer to actions which occur at regular intervals.

e.g. We visit our friends every Sunday.

e.g. They take a holiday once a year.

e.g. Geese fly south every fall.

The Simple Present is also used in stating general truths.

e.g. Gas expands when heated.

e.g. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

e.g. Canada lies north of the United States.

In addition, the Simple Present is used when referring to printed material, and when describing events portrayed in a book, film, or other work of art.

e.g. The report presents the information clearly.

e.g. At the end of the film , the hero finds the hidden treasure.

Occasionally, the Simple Present is used to express actions occurring in the future or the past.

e.g. Our plane leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow night.

e.g. Burglar Steals Valuable Paintings.

In the first example, the Simple Present is used to refer to something which will happen in the future. In the second example, which is written in the style of a newspaper headline, the Simple Present is used to refer to something which happened in the past.

 

4. The simple present of the verb To Be

A conjugation of a verb is a list showing the different forms a verb may take. When a verb is conjugated, it is usually accompanied by all of the personal pronouns which can act as subjects of a verb. Thus, a conjugation can show the different forms a verb must take when it is used with different subjects.

The English personal pronouns which may be used as subjects of verbs are as follows:

   I  ,   you  ,   he  ,   she  ,   it  ,   we  ,   they

It should be noted that in modern English, the same verb forms are used with the subject you, whether you refers to one or more than one person or thing. In an older form of English, there was another personal pronoun, thou, which was used with different verb forms, and which generally referred to one person or thing.

The Simple Present of the verb to be is conjugated as follows. In spoken English, contractions are often used.

Without contractions	With contractions
I am	I'm
you are	& you're
he is	he's
she is	she's
it is	it's
we are	we're
they are	they're

In written English, an apostrophe: ' is used in a contraction, to indicate that one or more letters have been omitted.

 

4a. Affirmative statements

An affirmative statement states that something is true. In an affirmative statement, the verb follows the subject.

e.g. I am awake.

e.g. They are ready.

In the first example, the verb am follows the subject I. In the second example, the verb are follows the subject they.

In written English, statements are always followed by a period: . Statements and questions must begin with a capital letter.

In order to review the preceding points, see Exercise 1.

 

4b. Questions

For the Simple Present of the verb to be, questions are formed by reversing the order of the subject and the verb, so that the verb precedes the subject.

e.g. Am I awake?
e.g. Are they ready?

In the first example, the verb am precedes the subject I. In the second example, the verb are precedes the subject they.

In written English, questions are always followed by a question mark: ?

See Exercise 2.

 

4c. Negative statements

In the Simple Present of the verb to be, negative statements are formed by adding the word not after the verb.

e.g. I am not awake.

e.g. They are not ready.

In the first example, not follows the verb am. In the second example, not follows the verb are.

In spoken English, the following contractions are often used:

Without contractions	With contractions
is not	isn't
are not	aren't

See Exercise 3.

 

4d. Negative questions

In the Simple Present of the verb to be, negative questions are formed by reversing the order of the subject and verb, and adding not after the subject.

e.g. Am I not awake?
e.g. Are they not ready?

In spoken English, contractions are usually used in negative questions. In the contracted form of a negative question, the contraction of not follows immediately after the verb. For example:

Without contractions	With contractions
Are you not awake?	Aren't you awake?
Is he not awake?	Isn't he awake?
Are we not awake?	Aren't we awake?
Are they not awake?	Aren't they awake?

It should be noted that there is no universally accepted contraction for am not. In spoken English, am I not? is often contracted to aren't I?. However, although the expression aren't I? is considered acceptable in informal English, it is not considered to be grammatically correct in formal English. In formal English, no contraction should be used for am I not.

See Exercise 4.

 

4e. Tag questions

A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. A tag question following an affirmative statement generally has the form of a negative question, with the meaning: Isn't that true? In some languages, such tag questions are invariable. However, in English, tag questions vary, depending on the verbs and subjects of the preceding statements.

In the following examples, the tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions. For example:

Affirmative statement	Affirmative statement with tag question
Are you not awake?	Aren't you awake?
I am awake.	I am awake, am I not?
You are awake.	You are awake, aren't you?
She is awake.	She is awake, isn't she?
We are awake.	We are awake, aren't we?
They are awake.	They are awake, aren't they?

These examples illustrate how the subjects and verbs of the preceding statements are repeated in tag questions. For instance, in the first example, the subject I and the verb am are repeated in the tag question. In the second example, the subject you and the verb are are repeated in the tag question.

In spoken English, the expression aren't I? is often used as a tag question. However, this is not considered to be grammatically correct in formal, written English.

See Exercises 5 and 6.

 

EXERCISES for CHAPTER 1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE

ANSWERS for CHAPTER 1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE

 

'; document.write(str); }

 

 

 

CHAPTER 2.  THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF VERBS OTHER THAN THE VERB TO BE

1. Formation of the simple present

The Simple Present of any verb other than the verb to be is formed from the bare infinitive of the verb. As shown in the following examples, the bare infinitive of a verb consists of the infinitive without the word to. The bare infinitive is the form in which English verbs are usually listed in dictionaries. For example:

In the Simple Present of verbs other than the verb to be, the form of the verb used with the subjects I , you, we and they is the same as the bare infinitive. The form of the verb used with the subjects he, she and it has the ending s added to the bare infinitive.

For example, the Simple Present of the verb to work is conjugated as follows:

The form of the verb used with the subjects he, she and it is generally referred to as the third person singular.

See Exercise 1.

 

1a. The simple present of the verb To Have

The Simple Present of the verb to have is slightly irregular, since the bare infinitive is have, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular is has. The Simple Present of the verb to have is conjugated as follows:

See Exercise 2.

 

2. Spelling rules for adding s in the third person singular

Some verbs change their spelling when s is added in the third person singular.

 

2a. Verbs ending in y

The English letters a, e, i, o and u are generally referred to as vowels. The other English letters are generally referred to as consonants.

When a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the consonant immediately preceding the final y is underlined.

However, when a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not changed before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the vowel immediately preceding the final y is underlined.

See Exercise 3.

 

2b. Verbs ending in o

When a verb ends in o, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:

 

2c. Verbs ending in ch, s, sh, x or z

When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:

See Exercise 4.

 

3. Pronunciation of the es ending

A syllable is a unit of pronunciation, usually consisting of a vowel sound which may or may not be accompanied by consonants.

When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the es ending of the third person singular is pronounced as a separate syllable. The reason for this is that these sounds are so similar to the sound of the es ending, that the ending must be pronounced as a separate syllable in order to be heard clearly.

In each of the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one syllable, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular consists of two syllables.

Similarly, when s is added to verbs ending in ce, ge, se or ze, the final es is usually pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one syllable, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular consists
of two syllables.

However, when s is added to a verb ending in e preceded by a letter other than c, g, s or z, the final es is not pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples, both the bare infinitive and the form of the verb used in the third person singular consist of one syllable.

See Exercise 5.

 

4. The auxiliary Do

With the exception of the verb to be, verbs in modern English use the auxiliary do to form questions and negative statements in the Simple Present.

The Simple Present of the verb to do is conjugated as follows:

Auxiliaries are verbs which are combined with other verbs to form various tenses. It should be noted that when an auxiliary is combined with another verb, it is the auxiliary which must agree with the subject, while the form of the other verb remains invariable.

When the auxiliary do is combined with another verb, the other verb always has the form of the bare infinitive.

 

4a. Questions

In order to form a question in the Simple Present of any verb other than the verb to be, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do is added before the subject, and the bare infinitive of the verb is placed after the subject. For example:

See Exercise 6.

 

4b. Negative statements

In order to form a negative statement, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do followed by the word not is placed before the bare infinitive of the verb. For example:

See Exercise 7.

In spoken English, the following contractions are often used:

 

4c. Negative questions

To form a negative question, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do is placed before the subject, and the word not followed by the bare infinitive is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the Simple Present of the auxiliary do. For example:

See Exercise 8.

 

4d. Tag questions

The auxiliary do or does is used for a tag question which follows a statement containing the Simple Present of a verb other than the verb to be. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions.

See Exercise 9.

 

4e. The verb To Have

It should be noted that, particularly in British English, in the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to have, questions and negative statements are sometimes formed in the same way as for the verb to be, without the use of the auxiliary do.

e.g. He has a sister, hasn't he?

 

 

 

 

 

EXERCISES for CHAPTER 2.  THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF VERBS OTHER THAN THE VERB TO BE

ANSWERS for CHAPTER 2. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF VERBS OTHER THAN THE VERB TO BE

CHAPTER 3.  THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. Uses of the present continuous

 

2. Formation of the present continuous

I am working

you are working

he is working

she is working

it is working

we are working

they are working

 

3. Spelling rules for the formation of the present participle

 

4. Questions and negative statements

 

5. Comparison of the uses of the simple present and present continuous